A state-of-art imaging technique to map the tumour's microenvironment

Cancer patients often present metastasis at diagnosis, a state where cancer has spread from its original site. Once this complex and still largely mysterious process starts, the cancer becomes much harder to treat. "Many cancer therapies fail because we still have a poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying tumour progression", Dr. Kok Hao Chen points out. "We need to find ways to detect and analyze cancer growth early." "I learned from my clinical colleagues that a tumour is a highly heterogeneous tissue consisting of cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells (connective tissue cells), and many other components", explains Dr. Chen. "Observing their spatial organisation and complex interactions has been a technical challenge. Current techniques either provide detailed RNA profile of each cells or spatial organisation of a few RNAs, but they can't do both. The MERFISH technique can. It is indeed uniquely suited to address this question". During his graduate study, Dr. Chen and his colleagues developed an innovative state of the art imaging technology, called MERFISH, capable of mapping tissue functions at the cellular level by analyzing hundreds of RNA molecules inside individual cells. Recognizing the need for a detailed cellular map of the tumour microenvironment, Dr. Chen aims to apply the MERFISH technique to analyze tumour samples for his post-doctoral work.

"So far, the spatial organisation of a tumour's microenvironment is kind of a black box and it could vary wildly between patients," Dr. Chen explains. "We don't have a clear picture of how the growing cancer cells interact with the surrounding tissue and how the cells from our body are responding to it. Accurately reading a tumour’s cellular state may help us see critical cues about cell behaviour". Using MERFISH, Dr. Chen and his team aim to dissect both the nature and the organization of exchanges taking place in and around the tumour.